Autumn preserves; my first (and probably last) attempt at crab-apple jelly

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I was first introduced to crab-apple jelly as a small child, at my maternal grandmother’s house in Heaton, Bradford. I was disgruntled to find that the only preserve on offer at her breakfast table was marmalade, which I disliked intensely. My grandmother rootled around in her ‘pantry’ and produced a half-full jar of crab-apple jelly in order to appease my on-coming tantrum. This it did successfully, and I’d polished the whole lot off by the end of my stay.

There is a large crab-apple tree in the footway outside one of my client’s properties, so this year, whilst I was up a ladder giving the privet hedge its final trim, I thought I’d take the opportunity to fill a bag with a few. Nearly two kilos, in fact.

Later that evening, I reviewed numerous internet recipes. Quite a lot of variance, so which one to select? All of them agreed on washing the apples thoroughly, discarding the bad or bruised ones, and then cutting the remaining ones in half. So far, so good – but don’t underestimate the amount of time it takes to halve 2kg of tiny crab-apples.

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After tipping them in to my preserving pan, I took the advice of one recipe to add water up to three-quarters of the level of the fruit. With the benefit of hindsight, I’d say, add enough water to completely cover them. I simmered the apples until they were pulped down, helping them along with the potato masher, and also threw in a handful of redcurrants from the freezer, as one recipe suggested that this made for a more attractive colour.

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I then set about attempting to strain the pulped apples through my jelly bag, but it was so thick and stodgy, hardly anything was passing through the bag. At one point, the bowl and the jelly bag on its ridiculously flimsy stand, fell over completely, covering my whole kitchen in mushy crab-apple gloop. I ended up transferring the contents of the jelly bag (and the muslin lined-sieve I’d also set up) back to the pan, and heating it through with more water.

I’ve since read that tights or stockings make good strainers for preserves; you can fill them up with the gloop, and tie them to a handle of a kitchen cupboard door, whilst they strain into a receptacle placed on the worktop underneath.

Most recipes recommended leaving the gloop to strain overnight. Since I had so many crab-apples, this had to be done in batches, over the course of two nights, and one day in between. What a faff. The tea towels that I used to cover the strainers during this time are now irreversibly stained. Another consistent tip was not to squeeze or poke the jelly bags, as this makes the jelly go cloudy. I resisted the temptation.

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Eventually, I was able to weigh the strained juice, transfer it to a pan, and add three-quarters of that weight in granulated sugar (i.e. for every litre of juice, add 750g sugar). After dissolving the sugar over a gentle heat, I boiled the mixture for fifteen minutes as instructed by one of the recipes. My observation is that this is far too long, and I would probably try half that amount of time, before doing the first wrinkle test.

To check that the jelly has reached the setting point, cool a teaspoon of jelly on a chilled saucer. If it wrinkles when you push your finger into it, it will set. If it doesn’t wrinkle, boil again for another couple of minutes and test again.

Decant into clean, warmed, sterilised jam jars and fit the lids (also sterilised). Hose down your kitchen and chisel charred preserve off your hob. Collapse into an exhausted heap on the sofa.

I can’t deny it; it looks beautiful but the whole process was such a palaver, I’ve only just recovered myself enough to try it. Fortunately, I can confirm that it also tastes delicious, but I still don’t think it was worth the effort!

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Things to do in the garden in October

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What a surprise; it’s raining again. So, I’m at my desk, jotting down a few jobs that I need to do in the garden, in the event that it ever dries out sufficiently to get out there.

Water management

Disconnecting my water butts from the downpipe is top of my list. The butts are already full to the brim, and any heavy downpour tends to overwhelm the outflow pipe. Before we know it, all three overflowing and we have water pouring under our basement door.

If you have pots and containers, make sure any saucers are removed from underneath them, and they are elevated on pot-feet or bricks, to prevent them getting water-logged.

Lawns and leaves

The next task is to rake the leaves off the lawn, before they suffocate the grass. Whilst I’m at it, I’ll give it a bit more elbow grease to see if I can get any moss and thatch up at the same time. The frequency of mowing is starting to reduce, and the grass should be cut on a fairly high setting, leaving the blades long enough to have the best chance of withstanding the winter conditions, and to prevent the colonisation of weeds.

If you have any bald patches (in the lawn, that is…), now is a good time to do re-seed, whilst there is a plentiful supply of rainfall to water it in, and before the ground temperatures drop any lower.

Trees and shrubs

If you have large, overgrown clumps of older herbaceous perennials with bare centres, uproot, divide and replant them, discarding any older plant material that shows no signs of growth. At the same time, you can be thinking about where you might plant new bulbs, bearing in mind that these emerge before the herbaceous plants get going, in the spring.

My October RHS magazine usefully reminds me not to tidy up the foliage on my Salvia as this helps protect the newly emerging growth, over winter. For the same reason, leave the Hydrangea macrophylla flower heads until the spring. Do not prune any soft fruit trees, or shrubs that flower early in the year, because they flower on the previous season’s growth.

Now is a good time to plant any new perennial shrubs and trees. Make sure you dig over the planting area thoroughly, and remove all parts of any perennial weeds first; any little parts of root left behind can still regenerate.

If you think your garden is a little devoid of colour at the moment, pick up a tray of autumn flowering cyclamen at your local nursery; these delicate flowers always give me pleasure, at a time when everything else in the garden coming to an end.

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Plan and order spring bulbs

This is one of my favourite tasks, and it doesn’t matter if it’s raining; I can do it from the comfort of my sofa. Try and get a spread of species that will give you pleasure from February, right in to May and June; snowdrops, crocuses and miniature irises are the first to show themselves, followed by daffodils and hyacinths, with tulips and alliums coming along later.

I suspect my garden isn’t sunny enough for alliums, but I am going to give them a go because they look so fabulous, if and when they do bloom. When choosing which bulb species to go for, I also try and pay attention to their value for pollinators; crocuses in particular are really important for those early bumble bees.

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Love your leftovers; curly kale crisps

We have a second fridge-freezer in our cellar. It came with us from our previous house… but there was already one fitted in the kitchen of the new house. Prior to 2020, it proved extremely useful for those occasions when we were catering for a house-full of guests. Sadly, no family get-togethers this year, but the additional cool storage capacity has been ideal for reducing the frequency of the family food-shopping trips.

There are, however, a couple of downsides to having a second fridge out of sight. Firstly, when your teenage son leaves the freezer door open after a late-night bread-foraging session, it remains unnoticed until the following day. By this time, the door doesn’t shut at all, due to an icy protrusion resembling the Morteratsch glacier.

Secondly, since no one is looking inside it, multiple times a day, there is a tendency for groceries to get overlooked or forgotten. Enter a bag of slightly wilted curly kale, which wasn’t even grown in my own garden. After a quick compare-and-contrast of a few internet recipes, this is what I did with them, to create an almost-guilt-free snack;

Curly Kale Crisps

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  1. Put half a tablespoon of sunflower or olive oil in a large bowl, and mix thoroughly with a teaspoon of paprika, salt and pepper.

  2. Strip the kale from the tough stalks and cut into bite-size pieces.

  3. Tip the kale pieces into the mixing bowl and mix until evenly coated with the oil.

  4. Spread out on a flat baking tray, with spaces between the pieces of kale.

  5. Bake in the oven at 150 degrees for ten minutes.

  6. Turn and return to the oven to another 5-10 minutes, or until crispy.

  7. Allow to cool whilst still spread out.

  8. Transfer to a serving dish and enjoy with a pre-dinner drink.

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Garden jobs for late summer and early autumn

The last few weeks have been so busy catching up with other people’s gardens that I’ve let my own run riot. I’m training myself to not to mind about this, instead focussing on the lovely things that are still there to enjoy, especially in this glorious spell of weather we’re having. I always appreciate the late summer interest that my Rudbeckias and Japanese anemones provide, the nasturtiums are still going strong, despite, and despite being a bit late with sunflower-sowing (the slugs ate the first batch), I have even finally had some success there.

Japanese anemone (Anemone x hybrida ‘Honorine Jobert’

Japanese anemone (Anemone x hybrida ‘Honorine Jobert’

My salad finally bolted, so yesterday I tidied the remains in to the compost bin. Since the seed packet said I could sow in to September, I’ve sown some spinach leaves in their place. The spinach cultivar is ‘Violin’, which appealed to me, as a violinist myself. I also sowed some more rocket and parsley, and will move the containers into my new greenhouse, when the overnight temperatures fall below ten degrees.

There are, however, a couple of things that need my attention sooner rather than later. Both the Wisteria and deciduous climbing jasmine look like one of those ‘lockdown haircut’ social media posts, and should be pruned in late summer, after flowering. The jasmine didn’t flower especially spectacularly so after I have tidied, thinned out and shortened the stems, I will give it a mulch at the base with some home-made compost. Next spring, I shall get in to the habit of feeding it regularly with tomato feed, to see if that perks it up.

The Wisteria hasn’t flowered since we moved in, five years ago. This may be because it’s too young, or more likely because I have completely neglected to ever prune it (or it may be due to a graft failure, in which case, I’ll give it a couple more years and if it still hasn’t flowered by then, it’s coming out). This weekend, I will be cutting the stems back to five buds in length. I will shorten these stems again in February, to encourage flowering. Strong stems can be tied in to the supporting trellis, in a horizontal direction.

If you're short on time, you can give the garden a quick and effective facelift just by tidying up and cutting back straggly and browning foliage of herbaceous perennials, and removing dead flower heads. Consider leaving behind the flower and seed heads of some plants, such as echinacea and phlomis, to provide some winter interest and a source of food for birds.

Finally, don’t forget to lift any remaining maincrop potatoes and onions, and store them in a dark, cool and dry place, before the cold, damp days set in. Apples and pears are ripe enough to pick if they easily come away from the tree when you twist the fruit. And if anyone has any innovative suggestions for using up the courgette glut, please let me know.

Nasturtium - Tropaeolum majus

Nasturtium - Tropaeolum majus

Things to do in the garden in June

Heat stopped play in the garden mid-afternoon on Sunday, and I was, for once, grateful for my perpetually chilly house.  Watering is proving to be one of the most time-consuming gardening tasks for me at the moment.  Try lightening the watering burden by dividing the garden into, say, four sections and give each section a really deep and thorough soaking once every four days; evenings are best, to avoid water loss by evaporation.  You can also retain water in the soil by applying organic mulches on your borders.

Lawns

Let your grass grow longer and keep mowing to a minimum; I’m aiming to mow no more than once a month at the moment.  Cut on a high setting, and try ‘grass-cycling’; leave the box off the lawn-mower so clippings are spread over the lawn, acting as a mulch and returning nutrients back to the soil.

Shrubs and climbers

Water newly-planted shrubs daily, until their root systems get established.  Continue to tie in new growth of any climbers and keep dead-heading roses to encourage them to flower for longer; use sharp secateurs to cut down to the first leaf below the flower. 

Prune spring-flowering shrubs that flower on the previous year’s growth, such as Wiegela (see last year’s blog) and flowering currant (Ribes sanguineum).  This gives new growth enough time to develop and mature sufficiently to bear next year’s flowers.  It was my intention to cut back my own Wiegela this Sunday, but it was in full sun at the time, and I didn’t fancy sweating it out.

Fruit and veg

Continue to make successional sowings of spinach and salad leaves.  I found that my mixed salad leaves bolted pretty quickly (you need to keep thinning, watering and harvesting to avoid this) but my ‘Red Salad Bowl’ lettuce has been great, and is still going strong.  I’ve just sown some Lollo Rosso as well, although it has been sabotaged by a squirrel already.

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My ‘Red Salad Bowl’ lettuce has been really successful this year

I note that my RHS magazine instructs me to keep birds off my berries ‘by netting tautly and securely’.  Unless you already have an all-singing, all-dancing fruit cage, netting fruit bushes properly is a lot of work and I don’t have either the skills or the patience for it.  Moreover, I am haunted by tales of gardeners finding dead birds, ensnared, inside fruit netting. 

My approach is to pick the berries the instant they ripen, before the birds notice.  Slightly underripe fruit is better for jam-making (my main reason for growing fruit) because it has a higher pectin content.  Prune this year’s growth on red and white currants, and also gooseberries, back to five leaves.

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My first red currants; I shall be trying to pick them before the birds find them.

Support single-stem tomatoes with canes, and regularly pinch out any side-shoots.  When indoor-grown tomato plants have set seven trusses of flowers (four trusses for outdoor-grown plants), remove the growing point of the main stem, leaving two leaves above the top-most truss.

Temperatures are now consistently above 10 degrees centigrade, both during the day and night, so now is the time to start gradually hardening off tender and indoor-raised plants, ready for planting out.  I shall report on my first-hand hardening-off catastrophe in another blog!



Things to do in the garden in May

Time is galloping on and we’re halfway through both the month and the weekend already!  Many of my neighbours are lamenting the loss of a few of their tender seedlings to the recent cold snap, with pictures of poorly pumpkin plants circulating on the street’s WhatsApp group.  The sunflower seedlings I planted out a couple of weeks ago are visibly shivering, but still hanging in there.

I am congratulating myself on being too disorganised to have started hardening anything off outside.  However, I shall get my courgettes into the cold frame this week, and gradually start acclimatising them by lifting the lid gradually, during the daytime, but keeping it closed at night.  Here are some other tasks I’ll be tackling;

Flowering plants and shrubs

The foliage from the spring bulbs is finally yellowing, so it’s definitely time to remove it.  As well as looking unsightly, this decaying foliage makes a cosy home for slugs and snails, which I don’t want to attract in too large a quantity.  If any of your long-standing daffodils didn't flower as well as you expected, it may be because the clumps of bulbs have become too congested.  Carefully lift and divide them and replant them at three times their own depth. 

Tie in any new growth on climbing plants such as honeysuckle, clematis and wisteria.  There’s been a chilly and strong breeze this last week, so hopefully it hasn't already trashed any of the as-yet unsupported new shoots on my various Clematis’.  Speaking of wind, even though the temperature has been much cooler recently, the wind has a profound drying effect on plants; it is imperative to keep up with the watering, particularly on newly planted shrubs, until they get established.

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Grass

Did you know that this is no-mow May?  Well, I’d already mowed once before discovering this but I shall endeavour to hold out on mowing again until June now (I don’t need much of an excuse).  This allows the wild flowers to get established sufficiently to provide nectar for the all-important pollinators. 

If you are offended by the apparent ‘untidiness’ of long grass, you can always mow a strip around the lawn’s edges, or mow the diagonals, or a pathway through the middle, to give the impression of having given the lawn your attention whilst retaining the valuable flowering grasses and wild flowers.  When you do come to mow, mow in a different direction to the previous cut, and don’t cut it too short. 

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Fruit and veg

I don’t have a greenhouse and although I’ve sown a few seedlings on the spare room windowsill, they tend to get a bit leggy and etiolated, even if I rotate their pots every day.  I’m better off just holding on for another week or so, and sowing straight into the ground outside. I’ll be going for climbing French beans and perpetual spinach.  I’ll also be planting my (hardened-off) courgettes in the new raised bed.  They are pretty nutrient-hungry though, so I’ll be turning out last year’s compost bin and digging that into the soil, before transplanting them. 

My pea plants are now tall enough to need a few twiggy sticks for support.  I’m also trying to get in to the habit of watering all my fruit and veg with tomato feed once a week, to give the flower and fruit formation process a bit of a boost.  Check for pests, and give plants a good blast with the hose if you spot any.  Pinch out the tips of broad beans, to discourage black fly.

Hedges

Finally, it’s coming up to the time when the hedges need a clip.  Just a reminder to check really carefully for active birds’ nests before working on hedges.  It is an offence against the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 to disturb or cause intentional harm to any nesting bird (yes, even pigeons!).  Keep your eyes peeled for birds carrying nesting material, and making repeated trips to and from the same hedge or shrub location. Avoid working on the hedge until you are sure that the fledglings have left the nest.

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Test your home-composting knowledge!

Now is a great time to get your home-composting systems up and running, but how much do you really know about the art of composting? True or false;

  1. The principle of successful home-composting is based on getting the right balance of carbon-rich ‘browns’ and nitrogen-rich ‘greens’.

  2. The correct ratio of ‘greens’ to ‘browns’ is 1:30.

  3. When you’ve cleaned out your pet rabbit, you can put the used bedding on the compost heap.

  4. You can also put cat and dog poop on the compost heap.

  5. You can put cooked food on the compost heap, as long as it is vegetarian.

  6. You can put all the green waste from your garden on to the compost heap.

  7. You can put toilet rolls on the compost heap.

  8. You can compost old wool socks and jumpers, once you have finished with them.

  9. You must never disturb your compost heap, until you come to use it.

  10. You must make sure you chop your kitchen waste into small pieces before composting it.

Some ‘greens’ for the compost heap

Some ‘greens’ for the compost heap

How well did you do? Here are the answers:

The principle of successful home-composting is based on getting the right balance of carbon-rich ‘browns’ and nitrogen-rich ‘greens’.

True: Home-composting is absolutely about getting the right balance of greens and browns, and also the correct temperature, air and moisture levels. ‘Green’ materials that are high in nitrogen include fresh green plant, hedge and grass clippings from the garden, coffee grounds, raw fruit and veg waste from the kitchen. Carbon-rich browns include woody materials, dry leaves, hay and straw, stems, wood-ash and tea-leaves.

The correct ratio of ‘greens’ to ‘browns’ is 1:30.

False: The 1:30 ratio that often gets bandied around actually refers to the optimal ratio of nitrogen atoms to carbon atoms required to feed the micro-organisms responsible for breaking down the waste materials into compost. I myself am unlikely to whip out my mass spectrometer to analyse whether or not the optimal ratio has been satisfied. If the compost heap is too dry and not apparently doing anything, add more greens, water it and turn it. If it is wet, smelly and slimy, add more browns and turn it.

When you’ve cleaned out your pet rabbit, you can put the used bedding on the compost heap.

True: Used bedding from rabbits, guinea-pigs, hamsters and other vegetarian pets makes great compost, assuming that all bedding material is made from natural fibres.

You can also put cat and dog poop on the compost heap.

False: Don’t do it. Don’t put it in the municipal green waste either.

You can put cooked food on the compost heap, as long as it is vegetarian.

False: Cooked food is likely to make the compost heap smelly, slimy and potentially attract vermin. Avoid meat, fish and dairy for the same reason.

You can put all the green waste from your garden on to the compost heap.

False: Not all of the green waste generated by your garden is suitable for composting. Don’t compost diseased plant prunings, perennial weeds, or any weeds with flowers / seeds. Make sure you cut woody stems into small sections to speed up the composting process. Any grass clippings should be added in a thin layer and with a good proportion of ‘browns’ otherwise they make the compost heap wet and slimy.

You can put toilet rolls on the compost heap.

True: Shredded or torn pieces of newspaper, paper and card are excellent sources of ‘browns’ but avoid coloured or shiny paper / card. If you add a large amount of shredded paper at any one time, it’s important to water the compost with the watering can, otherwise it can make the whole heap too dry.

You can compost old wool socks and jumpers, once you have finished with them.

True: At least, in theory. However, only throw them on if you are certain that they are made from 100% natural fibres. Many woollen yarns have a polyester core, and garment seams are often sewn with polyester thread - so these elements will never decompose. Check the label for fibre types and proportions. Once you’ve done that, cut the label out, because it’s also unlikely to be made of natural fibres.

You must never disturb your compost heap, until you come to use it.

False: The compost benefits from being turned a few times a year, with a garden fork, to expose the decomposing material to the air. This enables the bacteria responsible for the decomposing process to access the oxygen they need for respiration, in order to continue working effectively. If you have plastic dalek-style compost bins, they may benefit from having a few holes drilled in the side to improve air circulation.

You must make sure you chop your kitchen waste into small pieces before composting it.

True: Small is beautiful. Small pieces have a larger surface area for composting bacteria to get to work on.  Whole carrots, half-pineapples and chunky broccoli cores will never break down in a month of Sundays, however mouldy they are before you throw them in, so chop them up small first. Avoid adding too much citrus peel.

My observations are that stones from peaches, nectarines and avocados, and also egg shells, will probably never break down in a domestic compost heap so I would put them in the municipal waste. Only add completely compostable tea-bags, otherwise you’ll be picking their hollow, mesh ghosts out of your borders for the next ten years.  Ideally, switch to loose-leaf tea.

Here is a more comprehensive article on what you can and can’t compost, how and why.

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Invasion of the creeping viola

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We bought our first house in Hulme, Manchester, in the autumn of 2006. Nothing had been done to the ‘garden’ since the house had been built, eight years previously, and when we first moved in, we were more preoccupied by ripping out the cat-pee-smelly carpets than doing anything to the ragwort-infested rubble out the back.

By the time spring arrived, I was resembling a beached whale, awaiting the imminent arrival of number one son. My mum parachuted in from North Yorkshire, created a space for a border, and put some plants in, so at least there was something attractive to look at whilst standing at the kitchen sink. Enter the creeping violas, or Labrador violets - Viola labradorica.

I can’t even remember where the original planting location was, but the viola family has an ingenious ballistic method for dispersing seeds, so is capable of spreading them over quite substantial distances. This became apparent a year or so later; creeping violas were popping up in the top of all my containers, between patio paving stones and even in the raked gravel in the next door neighbour’s garden.

Sadly, my mum died in 2015, shortly after we moved into our current house - so she was never able to see the larger and rather more interesting garden we’ve started to create here, now. However, her legacy lives on: the creeping violas have managed to make their way down the road from Hulme to Whalley Range, presumably in the top of the larger ceramic containers that were transported whilst still planted up.

They are now accompanied by some Cardamine hirsuta in a couple of the older, neglected containers. They are also sprouting from the base of the wall with the self-seeded Buddleja, and seem to be establishing themselves in the slate chips that make up the garden path.

Viola labradorica - sprouting out of the base of the wall

Viola labradorica - sprouting out of the base of the wall

At this time of year, the creeping violas have pretty little blue flowers, alongside their heart-shaped leaves, which also have a bit of a blue tinge. They are happy in shade and dry-ish soil, which is probably why they are still flourishing in our present garden. I unintentionally managed to introduce them to the borders when I transplanted a couple of container-grown Fuchsias, which wasn’t really what I wanted.

However, last week, I noticed that the violas are starting to pop up in my lawn. I think they look really lovely there, and they are most welcome. It can be another excuse for me to leave it a bit longer before each mow.

Viola labradorica - now invading the lawn, but I’ll let them stay.

Viola labradorica - now invading the lawn, but I’ll let them stay.